1. Picture

Republic of Indonesia abbreviated to RI or Indonesia is a country in Southeast Asia, which is crossed by the equator and located between Asia and Australia as well as between the Pacific and Indian Ocean. Indonesia is the world's largest archipelagic nation consisting of 13,487 islands, therefore he is called also as Nusantara. With a population of 241 million inhabitants in 2011 according to data from the BKKBN, Indonesia is the fourth most populous country in the world and the largest Muslim populated country in the world, although not officially an Islamic state. Indonesia is a republic, with the House of Representatives, Regional Representative Council and the President is elected directly. Is the country's capital Jakarta. Indonesia borders Malaysia on the island of Borneo, and Papua New Guinea on New Guinea and East Timor on the island of Timor. Other neighboring countries include Singapore, the Philippines, Australia, and the union territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands in India.

map of indonesia

History of Indonesia is heavily influenced by other nations. Islands Indonesia became an important trade region since at least the 7th century, when the Srivijaya kingdom in Palembang religion and trade relations with China and India. Hindu kingdoms and Buddhism has been growing in the early centuries AD, followed by the traders who brought Islam, and various European powers fought one another to monopolize the spice trade in the Moluccas during the era of ocean exploration. Once under Dutch colonial rule, Indonesia which was then called the Dutch East Indies declared its independence at the end of World War II. Furthermore, Indonesia received various obstacles, threats and challenges of natural disasters, corruption, separatism, a democratization process and the period of rapid economic change.From Sabang to Merauke, Indonesia consists of various ethnic, linguistic and religious groups. The Javanese are the largest ethnic group and most politically dominant.Indonesia's national motto, "Unity in Diversity" ("Diversity remains one"), articulates the diversity that shapes the country. Besides having a dense population and vast territory, Indonesia has a natural area that supports the second largest biodiversity in the world.

2. Etimilogi

The word "Indonesia" is derived from the Latin Indus, meaning "Ocean" and nesos Greek word meaning "island". So, said Indonesia means the territory of the Indian islands, or archipelago located in the Indies, which indicates that this name is formed long before Indonesia became a sovereign state. In 1850, George Earl, a British ethnologist, originally proposed the term Indunesia and Malayunesia to residents "Indian Archipelago or Malay Archipelago". Disciple of Earl, James Richardson Logan, used Indonesia as a synonym of the word Indian Islands. However, Dutch academics writing in the media do not use the word Dutch East Indies Indonesia, but the terms Malay Archipelago (Maleische Archipel); Dutch East Indies (Nederlandsch Oost Indie), or Indian (Indie); East (de Oost), and even Insulinde (this term introduced in 1860 in a novel Max Havelaar (1859), written by Multatuli, the criticism of Dutch colonialism).Since 1900, the name Indonesia became more common in academic circles outside the Netherlands, and Indonesian nationalist groups adopted it for political expression. Adolf Bastian from the University of Berlin popularize this name through the book Indonesien oder die Inseln des Malayischen Archipels, 1884-1894. The first Indonesian students who use it is Suwardi Suryaningrat (Ki Hajar Dewantara), when he established a news agency in the Netherlands named Indonesisch Press Bureau in 1913.

3. History

Relics of fossils of Homo erectus, which by the anthropologist also dubbed "Java Man", suggests that the Indonesian archipelago was inhabited two million to 500,000 years ago.Austronesian people, who form the majority of the population at this time, migrated to Southeast Asia from Taiwan. They arrived in about 2000 BC, and causes the Melanesian nation that has existed there first pushed into remote areas in the eastern archipelago.Conditions ideal place for agriculture, and control of rice cultivation since at least the 8th century BC, leading to many villages, towns, and small kingdoms grow well in the first century AD. In addition, Indonesia is located in the international sea trade routes and inter-island, has been a shipping line between India and China for several centuries. History of Indonesia subsequently experienced a lot of influence from these trading activities.

merchant ship

Since the 1st century Indonesian trading vessel had sailed away, even to Africa. A part of the relief ship in the temple of Borobudur, k. 800 M.Under the influence of Hinduism and Buddhism, several kingdoms formed on the island of Borneo, Sumatra, and Java since the 4th century until the 14th century. Kutai, is the oldest kingdoms in the archipelago that stands in the 4th century in the Upper Mahakam River, East Kalimantan. In the western region of the island of Java, in the 4th century until the 7th century AD stand Tarumanegara kingdom. Government Tarumanagara followed by the Kingdom of Sunda from the year 669 AD until 1579 AD In the 7th century Malay kingdom which appeared centered in Jambi, Sumatra. Srivijaya Malay defeat and emerged as the most powerful maritime kingdom in the archipelago. Territory includes Sumatra, Java, Malay Peninsula, while controlling the trade in the Straits of Malacca, Sunda Strait, and the South China Sea. Under the influence of Srivijaya, between the 8th century and the 10th dynasty to dynasty and Sanjaya managed to develop agriculture-based kingdoms in Java, with its historic relics such as temples of Borobudur and Prambanan temples. At the end of the 13th century, Majapahit was standing in the eastern part of Java island. Under the leadership of mahapatih Gajah Mada, its influence stretched over much of Indonesia; and is often called the "Golden Age" in Indonesian history.

The arrival of Arab traders and Persian through Gujarat, India, and brought Islam. Besides the Chinese sailors, led by Admiral Cheng Ho (Zheng He) who are Muslims, also never stop in this region at the beginning of the 15th century. [20] The merchants also spread Islam in some parts of the archipelago. Pasai Ocean, established in 1267, is the first Islamic kingdom in Indonesia.When the Europeans arrived in the early 16th century, they found several kingdoms which they can easily be mastered in order to dominate the spice trade. Portuguese first landed at the two ports of Bantam and the Kingdom of Sunda Sunda Kelapa, but can be expelled and moved to the east and master the Moluccas. In the 17th century, the Dutch emerged as the strongest among other European countries, beating Great Britain and Portugal (except for their colony, Portuguese Timor). At the time that Christianity came to Indonesia as one of the old imperialist mission, known as 3G, namely Gold, Glory, and Gospel. Dutch control of Indonesia as a colony until World War II, initially through VOC, and then directly by the Dutch government since the beginning of the 19th century.

 

Johannes_van_den_Bosch

Johannes van den Bosch, founder of Cultuurstelsel.Under Cultuurstelsel system (System Investment) in the 19th century, large plantations and forced cultivation implemented in Java, eventually producing a profit for the Netherlands that can not be produced VOCs. During colonial rule more freely after 1870, the system was abolished. After 1901 the Dutch introduced the Ethical Policy, which included limited political reform and greater investment in the Dutch East Indies.During World War II, when the Dutch colonized by Germany, Japan controlled Indonesia.After getting Indonesia in 1942, Japan saw that Indonesia is a fellow fighters trade cooperative and willing to deploy troops when needed. Sukarno, Mohammad Hatta, KH.Mas Mansur, and Ki Hajar Dewantara awarded by the Emperor of Japan in 1943.

Soekarno, Indonesia First President

In March 1945 Japan formed a committee for Indonesian independence. After the Pacific war ended in 1945, under pressure from youth organizations, Soekarno-Hatta proclaimed Indonesia's independence on August 17, 1945. After independence, the three founders of the nation Sukarno, Mohammad Hatta, and Sjahrir each served as president, vice presidents, and prime minister. In an attempt to recapture Indonesia, the Dutch sent their troops.Bloody efforts to quell the independence movement was then known by the Dutch as a 'police action' (Politionele Actie), or known by the people of Indonesia as a military aggression. [23] Dutch finally accepted the right of Indonesia to independence on December 27, 1949 as a federal state called the Republic of Indonesia States after strong pressure from the international community, especially the United States. Integral Natsir motions on August 17, 1950, calling for the return of the unitary Republic of Indonesia and the Republic of Indonesia disband States. Sukarno returned as president with Mohammad Hatta as vice president and as prime minister Mohammad Natsir.In the 1950's and 1960's, Soekarno government began to follow as well as pioneering the non-aligned movement at first, then closer to the socialist bloc, such as the People's Republic of China and Yugoslavia. In the 1960s witnessed the occurrence of military confrontation against neighboring countries, Malaysia ("Confrontation"), and dissatisfaction with the growing economic difficulties. Subsequently in 1965 erupted G30S incident that caused the deaths of 6 medium-generals and a number of other officers. New forces emerge that call themselves New Order which immediately accused the Communist Party of Indonesia as the brain behind this event and intend to overthrow the legitimate government and to replace the national ideology based on a socialist-communist. These allegations as well be a reason to replace the old government under President Sukarno.

Hatta,sukarno and sharir

Hatta, Sukarno, and Sjahrir, the three founders of Indonesia.

General Suharto became president in 1967 with a reason to secure the country from the threat of communism. Meanwhile Soekarno own physical condition weakened. After Suharto came to power, hundreds of thousands of Indonesian citizens suspected of involvement in the communist party were killed, while many more Indonesian citizens who are abroad, do not dare to return to the homeland, and finally revoked his citizenship.Thirty-two-year reign of Suharto's New Order is called, temporarily called the reign of Sukarno's Old Order.

Suharto implement neoliberal economic and successfully bring in huge foreign investment to go to Indonesia and generate substantial economic growth, though uneven. At the beginning of the New Order regime of Indonesia ekomomi policy drawn up by a group of economists graduated from the Department of Economics, University of California, Berkeley, who was called "Berkeley Mafia". However, Suharto enriched and their families through the practice of corruption, collusion, and nepotism is widespread and he was eventually forced to step down from his post after massive demonstrations and the worsening economic conditions in 1998.

From 1998 to 2001, Indonesia had three presidents: Bacharuddin Jusuf (BJ) Habibie, Abdurrahman Wahid and Megawati Sukarnoputri. In 2004 elections the world's largest one-day, was held and won by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.Indonesia is currently experiencing economic problems, political and religious strife nuances in the country, and some areas are trying to get independence, particularly in Papua. East Timor finally officially broke away in 1999 after 24 years together with Indonesia and 3 years under UN administration of East Timor into the country.In December 2004 and March 2005, Aceh and Nias hit by two major earthquakes that killed hundreds of thousands of lives in total. (See the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and the Sumatra earthquake in March 2005.) This incident was followed by an earthquake in Yogyakarta and tsunami that hit Pangandaran Beach and surrounding areas, as well as mud flood in Sidoarjo in 2006 that does not go unsolved.

4. Politics and government

Indonesian government to run a democratic multiparty presidential republic. As well as in other democratic countries, the political system in Indonesia is based on the Trias Politica namely the legislative, executive and judicial branches. Legislative power is held by an institution called the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR).

MPR had a unicameral highest state institution, but after the 4th amendment to the Assembly is not the highest body again, and also changed the composition of its membership. Assembly after the 1945 amendment, which since 2004 transformed into a bicameral body consisting of 560 members of the House of Representatives (DPR) which is representative of the people through political parties, coupled with 132 members of the Regional Representatives Council (DPD) which is the provincial representative of an independent pathway. Members of Parliament and the Council elected by popular vote and elected for a term of five years. Previously, members of the Assembly are all members of the House of Representatives plus the class representatives and the military / police. MPR is currently chaired by Taufiq Kiemas. Parliament is currently chaired by Marzuki Alie, whereas DPD is currently chaired by Irman Gusman.

The executive is centered on the president, vice presidents, and cabinet. Cabinet in Indonesia is that the Presidential Cabinet of ministers responsible to the president and does not represent a political party in parliament. Nevertheless, the current President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, who was carried by the Democrats also pointed to a number of leaders of political parties to sit in his cabinet. The goal is to maintain the stability of the government given the strong position of the legislature in Indonesia. But the posts of strategic importance are generally filled by a minister without portfolio of the party (coming from someone who is considered an expert in his field).

Judiciary institutions since the period of reform and the 1945 amendments implemented by the Supreme Court, the Judicial Commission, and the Constitutional Court, including the administrative arrangements of the judges. Nevertheless the presence of the Minister of Justice and Human Rights will be retained.

Distribution admistritifIndonesia currently consists of 33 provinces, five of whom have a different status. Province is divided into 399 districts and 98 cities are subdivided into districts and again into sub-districts, villages, village, village, villages, Pekon, or other terms that accommodated by the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 32 Year 2004 regarding Regional Government. Each province has its own parliament and provincial governors, while the district has a district legislature and regents; then the town has a local parliament and mayor of the City, all directly elected by the people through elections and local elections.However there is no parliament in Jakarta district or city, because the District Administration and the City Administration in Jakarta is not an autonomous region.Province of Aceh, Yogyakarta Special Region, West Papua, and Papua has the privilege of the larger legislature and a higher degree of autonomy than other provinces. For example, Aceh has the right to form its own legal system; in 2003, began to establish Sharia law in Aceh. Get the status of Yogyakarta Special Region in recognition of the vital role in supporting Indonesia Yogyakarta during the Revolution. Province of Papua, formerly called Irian Jaya, got a special autonomy status in 2001. Jakarta, is a special area of ​​the country's capital. Portuguese Timor incorporated into Indonesia and became the province of East Timor in 1979-1999, who later broke away through a referendum to the State of Timor-Leste.

Provinces in Indonesia and its capital

Sumatra

• Aceh - Banda Aceh
• North Sumatra - Medan
• West Sumatra - Padang
• Riau - Pekanbaru
• Riau Islands - Tanjung Pinang
• Jambi - Jambi
• South Sumatra - Palembang
• Islands Pacific Islands - Louth
• Bengkulu - Bengkulu
• Lampung - Bandar Lampung

Java

• State of Andhra
• Bantam - Attack
• West Java - Bandung
• Central Java - Semarang
• Special Region of Yogyakarta - Yogyakarta
• East Java - Surabaya

Lesser Sunda Islands

• Bali - Denpasar
• Nusa Tenggara - Mataram
• Nusa Tenggara - Kupang

Borneo

• West Kalimantan - Pontianak
• Central Kalimantan - Palangkaraya
• South Kalimantan - Jakarta
• Kalimantan Timur - Samarinda

Sulawesi

• North Sulawesi - Manado
• Gorontalo - Gorontalo
• Central Sulawesi - Hammer
• West Sulawesi - Mamuju
• South Sulawesi - Makassar
• Southeast Sulawesi - Turkey

Maluku Islands

• Maluku - Ambon
• North Maluku - Sofifi

Western New Guinea

• West Papua - Manokwari
• Papua - Jayapura

5. Geography

ndonesia is an archipelago in Southeast Asia that has 17,504 large and small islands, about 6,000 of them are uninhabited, which spread around the equator, which gives tropical weather. The position of Indonesia is located at coordinates 6 ° N - 11 ° 08'LS and from 95 ° 'E - 141 ° 45'BT and lies between two continents, the continents of Asia and Australia / Oceania.Indonesia's territory extends along 3.977 mile between the Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean. Indonesia's land area is 1,922,570 km ² and 3,257,483 km ² in area waters. The island is densely populated island of Java, where half the population of Indonesia live.Indonesia consists of five major islands, namely: Java with an area of ​​132,107 km ², Sumatera with an area of ​​473,606 km ², Borneo with an area of ​​539,460 km ², Sulawesi, with an area of ​​189,216 km ², and Papua with an area of ​​421.981 km ². Indonesia borders of the islands measured by using the territorial sea: 12 nautical miles and an exclusive economic zone: 200 nautical miles, the direction of the wind directions, namely:

North : Malaysian state along the 1782 km border with Singapore, the Philippines, and South China SeaSouth : State of Australia, Timor Leste, and Ocean IndonesiaWest : Samudra IndonesiaEastS : tate of Papua New Guinea with a border along the 820 km, East Timor, and the Pacific Ocean

6. Natural resources

Indonesia's natural resources in the form of petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, fertile soil, coal, gold, and silver with the division of land consists of agricultural land by 10%, oil 7%, pastures 7% , forests and wooded areas by 62%, and the other by 14% in the irrigated area of ​​45,970 kmEducationIn accordance with the constitution in force, which is based on the 1945 Constitution, article 31 paragraph 4 and the Law number 20 year 2003 concerning the national education system, that the Indonesian government both central and local governments should allocate a budget for education by 20% from state and local budgets beyond the salaries of educators and cost of service. But in 2007 the allocation that is provided only about 17.2%, much lower than the country of Malaysia, Thailand and the Philippines which has been allocated a budget for the education of more than 28%.

7. Economy

 Map showing the Gross Regional Domestic Product per capita of the provinces of Indonesia in 2008 above current prices. GDP per capita of the province of Kalimantan Timurmencapai 100 million when the GDP per capita of Maluku, North Maluku and East Nusa Tenggara less than Rp 5 million.Indonesia's economic system was initially supported by the launch of the Indonesian republic Oeang (ORI), which became the first currency of the Republic of Indonesia, which then turned into Rupiah.In the reign of the Old Order, Indonesia does not fully adapt to the capitalist economic system, but also combine it with economic nationalism. Governments that have not experienced, still intervene into some production activities that affect many people. This, coupled political turmoil, resulting in instability in the country's economy.Rupiah.

Indonesia Currency ( Rupiah )

New Order governance immediate economic discipline that aims to curb inflation, stabilize the currency, external debt re-scheduling, and trying to attract foreign aid and investment.In the era of the 1970s oil price increases led to skyrocketing value of exports, and trigger the economic growth rate of an average high of 7% between 1968 to 1981. Further economic reforms by the end of the 1980s, which include the deregulation of the financial sector and weakening of the rupiah in a controlled, further foreign investment flows into Indonesia, especially in export-oriented industries in the years 1989 and 1997 Indonesia's economy suffered a setback at the end of the year 1990s economic crisis that struck most of Asia at the time, which accompanied the end of the New Order era with the resignation of President Soeharto on May 21, 1998.

Building the Central Bank Indonesia

Currently the Indonesian economy has been quite stable. Indonesia GDP growth in 2004 and 2005 exceed 5% and is expected to continue. However, the impact of that growth is not yet large enough to affect the unemployment rate, amounting to 9.75%. Estimates in 2006, a total of 17.8% people live below the poverty line, and there is 49.0% of people living on less than U.S. $ 2 per day.Indonesia has vast natural resources outside Java, including crude oil, natural gas, tin, copper, and gold. Indonesia's second largest natural gas exporter in the world, although lately he has become a net importer of crude oil. The main crops include rice, tea, coffee, spices, and rubber. The service sector is the largest contributor to GDP, which reached 45.3% to GDP in 2005. While the industrial sector accounted for 40.7%, agriculture accounted for 14.0% dansektor. Nevertheless, the agricultural sector employs more people than other sectors, namely 44.3% of 95 million workers. The service sector employs 36.9%, and the rest of the industrial sector by 18.8%.Indonesia's major trading partners are Japan, the United States, its neighbors and countries namely Malaysia, Singapore and Australia.Although rich in natural and human resources, Indonesia is still facing major problems in the field of poverty is largely caused by korupsiyang rampant in government. Institution Transparency International ranked Indonesia as ranked 143 out of 180 countries in Corruption Perceptions Index, which issued in 2007.

International rankings

Organization Name Survey RatingHeritage Foundation / The Wall Street JournalIndex of Economic Freedom110 of 157
The EconomistQuality of Life Index71 of 111
Reporters Without BordersPress Freedom Index103 of 168
Transparency InternationalCorruption Perceptions Index143 of 179
United Nations Development ProgrammeHuman Development Index108 of 177
World Economic ForumThe Global Competitiveness Report51 of 122

8. DemographyPopulation density of Indonesia according to Census 2010According to population census 2000, Indonesia has a population of about 206 million, and in 2006 estimated population of 222 million. 130 million (more than 50%) lived on the island of Java, which is the most populous island as well as the island where the capital Jakarta is located. The majority (95%) population of Indonesia are Austronesian people, and there are also tribal groups of Melanesia, Polynesia, and Micronesia, especially in Eastern Indonesia. Many of Indonesia's population who declared themselves as part of a more specific ethnic groups, divided by language and region of origin, such as Javanese, Sundanese, Madurese, Batak, and Minangkabau.

There was also a minority population of migrants whose numbers of whom are ethnic Chinese, Indian, and Arabic. They have long come to the archipelago through trade since the 8th century AD and settled into a part of the archipelago. In Indonesia there are about 4 million ethnic Chinese population. This figure varies because only in 1930 and 2000 the government conducted a census to classify Indonesian society into tribes and descendants.Islam is the majority religion is embraced by an estimated 85.2% population of Indonesia, making Indonesia the country with largest Muslim population in the world. The rest are Protestants (8.9%), Catholic (3%), Hindu (1.8%), Buddhists (0.8%), and others (0.3%). In addition to these religions, the government of Indonesia also formally recognizes Confucianism.Most of Indonesia's population speak the local language as mother tongue, but the country's official language, namely the Indonesian language, taught in all schools in this country and controlled by almost the entire population of Indonesia.

9. Culture

• Show

 Indonesia has about 300 ethnic groups, every ethnic heritage that has evolved over centuries, influenced by Indian culture, Arabic, Chinese, European, and including the Malay culture itself. Examples of traditional Javanese and Balinese dances have a cultural aspect and Hindu mythology, such as shadow puppets featuring the stories of Ramayana and Hindu mythological events Baratayuda. Many also the art of dance that contains the values ​​of Islam. Some of them can be found in areas such as dance Ratéb Meuseukat Sumatra and Aceh Seudatidari dance.Art rhymes, couplets, and so on from various areas such as Malay poem, rhyme, rhymes and more often used in certain occasions the event, performing arts, and others.

• Clothing

In the field of cultural heritage fashion famous throughout the world is batik. Some of the area known for its batik industry include Yogyakarta, Solo, Cirebon, Pandeglang, Garut, Tasikmalaya and Pekalongan. Batik was also claimed by other countries with batik industry. Clothing native Indonesia from Sabang sampaiMerauke other identifiable characteristics of the subject in every other area between brackets dengansongketnya clothes from West Sumatra (Minangkabau), fabric ulos of North Sumatra (Batak), kebaya dress, fashion khasDayak in Kalimantan, baju bodo of South Sulawesi, clothing berkoteka of Papua and so on.

• Architecture

Indonesian architecture reflects the diversity of culture, history, and geography that make up Indonesia completely. The invaders, colonizers, missionaries, traders, and traders brought cultural changes with an impact on style and building techniques. Traditional, foreign architectural influences are most powerful of India. However, Chinese, Arabic, and since the 19th century European influence became quite dominant.Characteristic of ancient Indonesian architecture can still be seen through the traditional houses and / or the royal palaces of each provinsi.Taman Mini Indonesia Indah, one of the attractions in the miniature of Indonesia Jakarta, Indonesia shows that architectural diversity. Some typical building of Indonesia such as Tower House, National Monument, and the Faculty of Civil Engineering Building and Planning at the Bandung Institute of Technology.

• Sport

The most popular sports in Indonesia are badminton and football; Indonesia Super League is a major league football clubs in Indonesia. Traditional sports include football and takraw karapan cattle in Madura. In regions with a history of tribal warfare, fighting contests are held, such as verbal in Flores, and Pasola in Sumba. Pencak silat is a unique martial art originating from the territory of Indonesia. This martial art is sometimes displayed at the show which events are usually followed by a traditional Indonesian gamelan music and other traditional musical arts in accordance with the region of origin. Sports in Indonesia are usually oriented in men and sports spektator often associated with gambling are illegal in Indonesia.In multi-branch competition, athletes achievements Indonesia is not very impressive. In the Olympics, Indonesia achieved the best performance at the 1992 Olympics, where Indonesia was ranked 24 by winning 2 gold 2 silver and 1 bronze. In the 1960 to 2000, Indonesia dominate badminton. Indonesia's son athletes like Rudi Hartono, Liem Swie King, Icuk Sugiarto, Alan Budikusuma, Subagja Ricky and Rexy Mainaky dominated the world championships. Rudi Hartono is regarded as the maestro of world badminton, All England champion ever in history. Besides badminton, boxing athletes Indonesia is also able to win the world title like Elyas Pical, Nico Thomas, and Chris John.

• Art of music

Art music in Indonesia, both traditional and modern very much stretching from Sabang to Merauke. Every province in Indonesia has its own trademark tradisionaldengan music.Traditional music as well keroncong originating from Portuguese descent in the area of ​​Monument, Jakarta, known by all people of Indonesia even to foreign countries. There is also a popular music in Indonesia known as dangdut is the music wing of modern Malay-influenced by Indian music dangdut music is so very different from the true Malay traditional music, such as music Deli Malay, Malay, and so on.

• A set of gamelan

Traditional musical instrument which is a typical musical instrument Indonesia has many varieties from various regions in Indonesia, but many of the traditional musical instruments Indonesia 'stolen' by other countries for the addition of culture and art of music itself by copyright patenting art and culture of Indonesia. Indonesian traditional musical instruments include the following:

Angklung, Bende, Calung, Dermenan, Gamelan, Gandang Tabuik, Gondang Batak Bali Drum, Gong Kemada, Gong Lambus, Jidor, Harp Flute, Kulcapi Batak,Javanese Kendang Kenong, Kulintang, Rebab, Rebana, Saluang, Saron, Sasandofife, Seurune, Kale Flute, Lembang, Sulim Batak, Sundanese Flute,Talempong, TanggetongTifa, and so on.

10. BogaSome Indonesian foods: chicken soup, satekerang, boiled eggs, cakes and sweet iced tea.Indonesian cuisine varies depending on its territory. Rice is the staple food and side dishes served with meat and vegetables. Seasoning (especially chili), coconut milk, fish, and chicken are an important ingredient.Throughout history, Indonesia has become a place of trade between the two continents.This led to carry a lot of spices, food ingredients and cooking techniques from the nation's own Malay, Indian, Middle Eastern, Chinese, and Europeans. All this mixed with typical traditional Indonesian food, a lot of diversity not found in other areas. Even the Spanish and Portuguese, the Dutch had been preceded by bringing many new products from the world to Indonesia.


Snacks such as cakes are sold in traditional markets. The cakes are usually made from rice, sticky rice, cassava, sweet potato, wheat, or sago. Rames rice containing rice and vegetable side dishes or options sold at public places like railway stations, markets, and bus terminals. In Special Region of Yogyakarta and the surrounding rice known as rice rames cats that are very minimalist with cheap prices, rice cats are often sold above angkringan, a type of pavement stalls.There is also a variety of food sold by street vendors using carts or dependents. Pedlar presents chicken noodle, meatball noodles, soup, dumplings, burgers, fried rice, rice uduk, and others.

11. FilmThe first film produced in the archipelago is the first silent film in 1926 entitled Loetoeng Kasaroeng and made by Dutch director G. Kruger and L. Heuveldorp at the time of the Dutch East Indies. The film was made with local actors by NV Java Film Company in Bandung and its first appearance on tanggal31 December, 1926 in Elite and Majestic theaters, Bandung. After that, more than 2,200 films are produced. In the early days of independence, filmmaker-cinematographer Indonesia has not been a lot of popping.Among the existing filmmakers, Usmar Ismail is one of the most prolific directors, with the first film Treasure (1949). But then the first film to be officially recognized as Indonesia's first film as a sovereign state is the movie Blood and Prayer (1950) directed by Usmar Ismail. Decade 1970 to the 2000s, emerged as the Arizal's most prolific movie directors.No fewer than 52 pieces of film and soap opera with the 1196 title 8 episodes have been produced.


Indonesian film industry popularity peaked in the 1980s and dominated cinemas in Indonesia, despite its popularity diminished in the early 1990's. Between 2000 and 2005, the number of Indonesian films released each year increases. Film Laskar Pelangi (2008) is lifted from a novel by Andrea Hiratamenjadi film with the highest revenue in the history of cinema in Indonesia today.LiteratureThe oldest evidence of writing in Indonesia is the variety of Sanskrit inscriptions in the 5th century AD. Important figures in modern Indonesian literature include: Dutch author Multatuli who criticized treatment of the Dutch against Indonesia during Dutch colonial times; Muhammad Yamin and Hamka who are authors and pre-independence politicians, and Pramoedya Ananta Tur, maker of Indonesia's most famous novel. In addition to novels, literary writing Indonesia also be poetry, rhyme, and rhyme. Anwar is the author of Indonesia's most famous poem. Many of Indonesia has a strong oral tradition, which help define and preserve their cultural identity. Press freedom in Indonesia increased after the end of the rule of President Suharto. Television stations, including ten national private television stations, and regional networks that compete with public television station TVRI.Private radio stations broadcast their news and programs of foreign broadcasters.Reportedly there are 20 million Internet users in Indonesia in 2007. Internet usage is limited to the minority population, estimated at 8.5%.

12. The EnvironmentIndonesia region has a high diversity of living things so that by some ecological region Indonesia is termed "mega biodiversity" or "high diversity of living things" commonly known as Indomalaya or Malesia Based on research that 10 percent of plants, 12 percent of mammals, 16 percent of reptiles , 17 percent birds, 25 percent of fish that exist in the world live in Indonesia, but widespread Indonesia only 1.3% of the Earth. The wealth of living creatures Indonesia was ranked third after Brazil and the Democratic Republic of Congo.However, Guinness World Records in 2008, Indonesia had a record as the country's most taut pace of forest destruction in the world. Every year Indonesia loses an area of ​​1.8 million hectares of forest. Damage that occurs in the uplands (forest) also damage the downstream region (coastal). [74] According to the Down The Earth, project Asian Development Bank (ADB) in the marine sector Indonesia had triggered the transfer functions of large-scale forest mangroves into aquaculture areas. Though mangrove forests, in addition serve to protect the shore from abrasion, is a good habitat for many species of fish. Destruction of mangrove forests has resulted in fishermen should look for fish at a distance farther away and increase their operational costs in finding fish. In addition, the destruction of mangrove forests also lead to increasing vulnerability of coastal Indonesia against the brunt of the ocean tides and flooding, especially in the rainy season.


source : www.wikipedia.com